MEMORANDUM DECISION REGARDING MOTIONS FOR ENTRY OF JUDGMENT, MOTION FOR JUDGMENT AS A MATTER OF LAW

OLIVER W. WANGER, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION.

Plaintiff Duhn Oil Tool, Inc. proceeds with a patent infringement action against Defendant Cooper Cameron Corporation. On February 2, 2011, a jury found Defendant liable for infringement and contributory infringement. (Doc. 668). The jury also found several of the patent's claims invalid and returned an advisory verdict on Defendant's counterclaim for inequitable conduct.

On February 9, 2011, the parties filed motions for entry of judgment. (Docs. 675, 676). The court heard the parties' motions on February 11, 2011 and requested briefing on a dispute between the parties regarding the scope of the jury trial. The parties submitted briefing on the jury issue on February 28, 2011. (Docs. 681, 682). The parties submitted proposed findings of fact on March 7, 2011. (Docs. 685, 686). The parties proposed findings are based on their respective positions regarding the scope of they jury's verdict.1

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND.

Duhn Oil Tool, Inc. ("Duhn Oil" or "Plaintiff") and Cooper Cameron Corporation ("Cameron" or "Defendant") are manufacturers of wellhead systems and components for the oil and gas industry. Cameron is a former purchaser of Duhn Oil wellhead components, including Duhn Oil's W2 tubing heads and W92 casing heads. Cameron purchased Duhn Oil components for resale to end users.

In 1996, Duhn Oil obtained a patent for a device it named the "Quicklock Drilling Flange" ("QDF"), a drilling flange capable of being quickly attached to a wellhead assembly. Duhn Oil's QDF is designed to be secured to the casing head of a wellhead assembly by lock screws that engage a groove cut in the body of the drilling flange. Use of lock screws to secure wellhead components in the manner disclosed in Duhn Oil's QDF patent is a standard method for securing wellhead components in the oil and gas industry.

In or about February 2001, Cameron employee John Rogers called Rex Duhn, Duhn Oil's president, and requested development of a wellhead isolation tool for Barrett Resources, an end user of Duhn Oil's products. Rogers conveyed that Barrett Resources desired a "frac mandrel" that would permit Barrett Resources to continue using Duhn Oil's existing wellhead components, including the W2 tubing heads, W92 casing heads, and lock screws. A frac mandrel is a wellhead isolation tool designed to protect a well's hydrocarbon production components from pressures entailed by fracturing operations, which exceed the pressure rating of conventional production components. Fracturing operations stimulate an existing well's production by introducing abrasive material into the well's producing regions at high pressure in order to create pathways for hydrocarbon extraction. The frac mandrel Rex Duhn set out to create after speaking to John Rogers ultimately culminated in United States Patent No. 6,920,925 ("`925 Patent").

After his conversation with John Rogers, Rex Duhn began working on an extension of Duhn Oil's QDF system that would provide Barrett Resources with a frac mandrel compatible with Duhn Oil's W2 and W92 products. However, the single set of lock screws employed in Duhn Oil's original QDF device proved to be insufficient for retaining the frac mandrel in a tubing head under high pressure. Rex Duhn sought assistance from Robert Meek, Duhn Oil's chief engineer. Ultimately, a secondary flange with a second set of lock screws was conceived that rendered the frac mandrel functional under the extreme pressures generated by the fracturing process.

Rex Duhn sent preliminary design drawings to John Rogers in order to obtain feedback from Rogers and Barrett Resources. Rogers provided suggestions that Duhn Oil endeavored to incorporate into the design. Final design drawings for a "QDF frac mandrel" were completed in May, 2001 and Duhn Oil began marketing the QDF frac mandrel to end users. Rogers left Cameron and joined Duhn Oil in May, 2001 to begin marketing Duhn Oil's QDF frac mandrel. Rogers was terminated from Duhn Oil in 2005 for cause.

The `925 Patent

Duhn Oil filed a provisional patent application for its QDF frac mandrel on February 19, 2002 listing Robert Meek and Rex Duhn as inventors. On February 19, 2003, Duhn Oil filed application number 10/363,070 ("070 Application"), which claimed priority to the provisional patent application filed in 2002. On May 16, 2003, Duhn Oil submitted a Petition to Make Special requesting expedited review of the `070 Application. The Petition to Make Special stated that Cameron was infringing at least some of the claims disclosed in Duhn Oil's patent application.

The Examiner initially rejected Duhn Oil's patent application as anticipated by prior art. In response, Duhn Oil added a clause to claim 1 referred to by the parties as "the wherein clause." The wherein clause is critical to the parties respective claims. Duhn Oil's application matured into United States Patent No. 6,920,925 ("the `925 Patent"), entitled "Wellhead Isolation Tool," on July 26, 2005. The `925 Patent is comprised of 88 claims.

The `925 Patent teaches a casing head coupled to a wellbore and a tubing head mounted over the casing head. The tubing head has a first radial flange extending from it at an upper end. A generally elongate annular member (the frac mandrel) is suspended concentrically within the tubing head and aligned with a production casing suspended below in the wellbore. The frac mandrel has a second radial flange extending from it. In some embodiments, the first flange extending from the tubing head and the second flange extending from the frac mandrel are fastened together.

All claims at issue in this action depend from claim 1 of the `925 Patent. Claim 1 specifies a wellhead assembly having various components as follows:

Claim 1 identifies the components either by their location and/or their functionality. For example, the production tubular member is aligned with the annular member in such a way that an axial force acts on the annular member and such force is reacted in the first tubular member flange and the secondary flange to which it is attached.

The court has interpreted the critical "wherein" clause of claim 1 as follows:

(Doc. 660 at 75).

The Parties' Claims

Duhn Oil asserts that Cameron's Time Saver Wellhead ("TSW") frac mandrel infringes claims 2, 3, 5, 19, and 29 of the `925 Patent. Each of these claims depend from claim 1 and includes the "wherein" clause. Duhn Oil seeks damages and injunctive relief.

Cameron seeks a declaration that the `925 Patent is invalid for obviousness and anticipation. Cameron's obviousness claim is based on two prior art references: (1) U.S. Patent No. 6,289,993 ("`993 Patent"); and (2) a 1994 Catalogue ("`94 Catalogue") describing an "MTBS Tubing Hanger" offered for sale by Cameron. The `993 Patent is one of the U.S. Patents listed in the References Cited section of the `925 Patent. The `94 Catalogue was not before the Examiner.

Cameron also asserts that the `925 Patent is unenforceable due to Duhn Oil's inequitable conduct. Specifically, Cameron contends that Duhn Oil committed inequitable conduct by failing to name John Rogers as an inventor and by failing to disclose the `94 Catalogue to the Patent Office. Cameron also asserts that Rex Duhn is improperly listed as an inventor on the `925 Patent.

Jury Demand Confusion

The only jury demand properly submitted by either party is Plaintiff's demand for a jury trial on the limited issue of willful infringement. (See Doc. 424). The Third Amended Complaint ("TAC") provides: "Plaintiff hereby demands a trial by jury on the issue of whether Defendant's infringement is willful." (Doc. 424 at 9). Defendant never demanded a jury trial on any issue.

Prior to 2010, both parties expressed their understanding that the court would be the trier of fact. For example, on January 6, 2009, the court conducted a hearing during which the following exchange took place between the court and counsel:

(Doc. 287 at 46-47).

Confusion regarding the scope of the jury trial arose in 2010 during formulation of the joint pretrial statement required by Local Rule 281(a)(2). E.D. Cal. R. 281. On August 25, 2010, Plaintiff's counsel emailed a draft joint pretrial statement to Defendant's counsel. Plaintiff's draft stated "Duhn has demanded a jury trial." (Doc. 682, Rogers Decl. Ex. A). Defendant's counsel responded to Plaintiff's counsel by emailing a modified draft joint pretrial statement on August 31, 2010. Defendant's draft joint pretrial statement changed the language regarding Plaintiff's jury demand to read "Duhn Oil has demanded a jury trial for its allegation of willful infringement." (Id., Ex. B) (emphasis added to reflect Defendant's modification). On September 1, 2010, Plaintiff's counsel emailed a second draft joint pretrial statement to Defendant's counsel which eliminated Defendant's changes so that the jury statement read "Duhn as demanded a jury trial." (Id., Ex. C). On September 2, 2010, Defendant's counsel emailed to Plaintiff's counsel a draft joint pretrial statement which combined the parties' respective statements regarding the jury demand:

(Id. Ex. D). The jury demand language contained in Defendant's September 2, 2010 draft became the operative language submitted in the parties' joint pretrial statement. (Doc. 444). The joint pretrial statement was signed by counsel for both parties.

During the pretrial conference on September 13, 2010, the court noted the divergent contentions regarding the jury demand reflected in the joint statement and asked the parties to express their respective positions. The following exchange took place:

(Doc. 465 at 14-15). No party expressed any objection to the scope of the jury trial announced by the court at the pretrial conference.

The court entered a Final Pretrial Order ("FPO") on September 29, 2010. (Doc. 468). The FPO provides:

II. Jury/Non-Jury Trial

(Doc. 468 at 1-2). The FPO further provides:

(Id. at 37). Neither party sought clarification, amendment, or modification of the FPO.

At the close of evidence, both parties moved for judgment as a matter of law on various issues pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50. Inter alia, Plaintiff moved for judgment as a matter of law on the issues of obviousness, anticipation, and inventorship. (Doc. 696 at 15-22). Defendant moved for judgment as a matter of law on infringement, inventorship, and damages, among other issues. (Id. at 28-40). The court denied certain of the parties motions on the record and took others under submission.

The Jury's Verdict

A fourteen day jury trial commenced on January 12, 2011. On February 2, 2011, the jury returned verdicts finding Defendant liable for infringing claims 2, 3, 5, 19, and 29 of the '925 Patent and for contributory infringement regarding claims 2, 3, 5, and 29, but not claim 19. (Doc. 668). The jury found that Plaintiff is entitled to $5,909,974 in lost profit damages and $2,750,000 in lost royalties. The jury rejected Plaintiff's claims of inducing infringement and willful infringement and also rejected Defendant's inequitable conduct defenses.

During deliberations, the jury sought clarification of the court's instructions on independent and dependent claims. The jury asked the following question:

(Doc. 698 at 12). The court responded, in pertinent part:

(Id. at 17-18). Juror number three then asked a follow up question:

(Id. at 22).

Ultimately, the jury found that Defendant proved by clear and convincing evidence that claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 19, and 29 are invalid for obviousness, and that claims 2, 3, 4, 5, and 29 are invalid for anticipation. However, the jury found that claim 1 was not proven to be anticipated or obvious. Claim 1 is the independent claim from which claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 19, and 29 depend. After receiving the jury's verdicts on anticipation and obviousness, the court called a side bar in order to give the parties an opportunity to respond to the inconsistency in the jury's verdict. Neither party requested that the jury be sent back for further deliberations to resolve the inconsistency. Instead, at the parties' request, the court received the remainder of the jury's verdict. The court then discharged the jury and thanked them for their service.

III. DISCUSSION.

A. Scope of the Jury Trial

The parties dispute the scope of the jury trial. Plaintiff avers the jury's verdicts are advisory on all issues other than willful infringement. Defendant contends that all issues were submitted to the jury for binding determination with the exception of Defendant's equitable defenses.

1. The Seventh Amendment in Patent Infringement Actions

The Seventh Amendment right to jury trial applies in patent infringement actions for damages. E.g., Tegal Corp. v. Tokyo Electron Am., Inc., 257 F.3d 1331, 1339 (Fed.Cir.2001) (discussing Gardco Mfg., Inc. v. Herst Lighting Co., 820 F.2d 1209, 1212 (Fed.Cir.1987) and Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996)).2

In re Tech. Licensing Corp., 423 F.3d 1286, 1288 (Fed.Cir.2005) (citing In re Lockwood, 50 F.3d 966, 974-75 (Fed.Cir. 1995) vacated at 515 U.S. 1182, 116 S.Ct. 29, 132 L.Ed.2d 911 (1995)). The accused infringer or declaratory judgment counterclaimant is entitled to a jury trial if the infringement claim, as asserted by the patentee, would give rise to a jury trial. E.g., Tech. Licensing Corp., 423 F.3d at 1290.

Infringement and validity are legal issues that entail the right to a jury trial. See, e.g., Gardco, 820 F.2d at 1212; Lockwood, 50 F.3d at 980; Tech. Licensing Corp., 423 F.3d at 1290-91. The Seventh Amendment jury trial right does not attach to claims based in equity, such as the defense of inequitable conduct. E.g., Gardco, 820 F.2d at 1213 ("the defense of inequitable conduct is `equitable in nature and thus does not give rise to the right of trial by jury'"). If factual issues common to both legal and equitable claims are involved in a single case, the legal claims must be determined by the jury prior to any final court determination of the equitable claims. Shum v. Intel Corp., 499 F.3d 1272, 1277 (Fed.Cir.2007) (citing Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Wood, 369 U.S. 469, 479, 82 S.Ct. 894, 8 L.Ed.2d 44 (1962) and Beacon Theatres v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 508, 79 S.Ct. 948, 3 L.Ed.2d 988 (1959)). Where "substantial commonality" exists between the factual questions presented by legal and equitable claims, jury findings pertaining to the legal claims constrain the court's determination of equitable claims. E.g., Cabinet Vision v. Cabnetware, 129 F.3d 595, 600 (Fed.Cir.1997) ("the facts underlying Cabnetware's inequitable conduct defense and its Walker Process counterclaim possess `substantial commonality' so that, because the jury answered question 7, the Seventh Amendment constrains the court's equitable determination") (citing Gardco, 820 F.2d at 1212); Shum, 499 F.3d at 1277; Beacon Theatres, 359 U.S. at 508, 79 S.Ct. 948.

2. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure preserve all jury trial rights under the Seventh Amendment and federal statutes. E.g., Craig v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 19 F.3d 472, 475 (9th Cir.1994) (citing Fed. R.Civ.P. 38(a)). Rule 38(b)3 proscribes the procedural requirements for demanding a jury trial:

Fed.R.Civ.P. 38(b). A demand pursuant to Rule 38(b) is considered a demanded for a jury trial on all issues triable as of right unless the demand indicates that the demanding party only seeks a jury trial on specified issues. Rule 38(c) provides:

Fed.R.Civ.P. 38(c). Rule 38(c) presents a party seeking a jury trial with a choice: "either list specific issues for the jury to consider, or make a general demand, which will be deemed to cover all issues triable to a jury." Lutz v. Glendale Union High Sch., Dist. No. 205, 403 F.3d 1061, 1065 (9th Cir.2005).4 "A jury demand will be deemed to cover all issues only if it doesn't specify particular issues." Id. (emphasis added).

"A party waives a jury trial unless its demand is properly served and filed," Fed.R.Civ.P. 38(d), but courts must "indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver" and "accept jury demands that fall far short of the ideal," Lutz, 403 F.3d at 1064. Although there is a strong presumption against waiver of the right to a jury trial, in order to satisfy Rule 38's requirements and preserve the right to a jury trial, a jury demand be sufficiently clear to alert a careful reader that a jury trial is requested on an issue. See, e.g., id., see also Solis v. Los Angeles, 514 F.3d 946, 954 (9th Cir.2008) (citing Lutz for the proposition that "because Solis's jury demand was `sufficiently clear to alert' both the Defendants and the district court `that a jury trial [wa]s requested,'" plaintiff was entitled to jury trial). Once a party has filed a proper jury demand pursuant to Rule 38, the trial on all issues encompassed in the party's Rule 38 demand must be by jury unless the parties stipulate to a nonjury trial or the court finds that there is no federal right to a jury trial on some or all of those issues. Fed.R.Civ.P. 39(a). Issues on which a jury trial is not property demanded must be tried by the court. Fed.R.Civ.P. 39(b).

Rule 39 provides two alternatives that permit cases to be tried to a jury notwithstanding the absence of a proper jury demand under Rule 38. First, Rule 39(b) authorizes district courts, on motion, to order a jury trial on any issue for which a jury trial might have been demanded. Id. A district court's discretion under Rule 39(b) is narrow and does not permit a court to grant relief when the failure to make a timely demand results from an oversight or inadvertence, E.g., Zivkovic v. S. Cal. Edison Co., 302 F.3d 1080, 1086-87 (9th Cir.2002) (citations omitted).

Second, Rule 39(c) permits courts to try matters to the jury with the parties' consent. Rule 39(c) provides:

Fed.R.Civ.P. 39(c). Several circuit courts of appeal have held that Rule 39(c) does not require express consent, and that failing to object to conduct of a jury trial constitutes implied consent sufficient to satisfy Rule 39(c). E.g., Bereda v. Pickering Creek Indus. Park, 865 F.2d 49, 52 (3rd Cir.1989) ("If one party demands a jury, the other parties do not object, and the court orders trial to a jury, this will be regarded as trial by consent" under Rule 39(c)) (citing C. Wright & A. Miller, 9 Federal Practice and Procedure § 2333 (1971) and Stockton v. Altman, 432 F.2d 946, 949-50 (5th Cir.1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 994, 91 S.Ct. 1232, 28 L.Ed.2d 532 (1971)); Broadnax v. City of New Haven, 415 F.3d 265, 273 (2nd Cir.2005) ("if the parties do not object, a non-jury claim may be tried and decided by a jury."); Pals v. Schepel Buick & GMC Truck, Inc., 220 F.3d 495, 501 (7th Cir.2000) ("mutual implied consent supports the jury's authority to resolve issues that normally would be decided by the court"); Thompson v. Parkes, 963 F.2d 885, 886, 888 (6th Cir.1992) (finding consent to try equitable claims to a jury under Rule 39(c) where parties' course of conduct and pretrial order indicated trial by jury). Although the court has not located published Ninth Circuit authority establishing that participation in a jury trial without objection is tantamount to consent under Rule 39(c), this result necessarily extends from binding Ninth Circuit precedent.

Pursuant to Ninth Circuit law, the procedural protections of Rules 38 and 39 are subject to waiver. See, e.g., Craig, 19 F.3d at 477 (citing Reid Bros. Logging Co. v. Ketchikan Pulp Co., 699 F.2d 1292, 1304 (9th Cir.1983)), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 916, 104 S.Ct. 279, 280, 78 L.Ed.2d 259 (1983) for the "general proposition that a party's course of conduct may prevent it from relying on procedural protections in Rules 38 and 39")).5 It is well settled that participation in bench trial without objection effects waiver of the jury trial right, e.g., White v. McGinnis, 903 F.2d 699, 703 (9th Cir.1990) (en banc), notwithstanding the constitutional mandate to "indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver," Lutz, 403 F.3d at 1064. A fortiori, where there is no risk to the venerable constitutional jury trial right hanging in the balance, participation in a jury trial without objection must effect waiver of the procedural protections afforded by Rules 38 and 39. See 02 Micro Int'l Ltd. v. Monolithic Power Sys., Inc., 399 F.Supp.2d 1064, 1087 (N.D.Cal.2005) (citing Thompson, 963 F.2d at 890 and Rule 39(c) for the proposition that court lacked power to treat jury's verdict on patent issues as advisory after case was submitted to a jury); Simonelli v. Univ. of Cal.-Berkeley, 2007 WL 3144863 *3, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 81634 *8 (N.D.Cal.2007) ("Where a party demands a jury trial on an issue that is not jury triable, the opposing party's failure to object may be deemed `consent' to the jury") (citing Broadnax, 415 F.3d at 270); see also Pradier v. Elespuru, 641 F.2d 808, 811 (9th Cir.1981) ("the parties are entitled to know at the outset of the trial whether the decision will be made by the judge or the jury."); Fed.R.Civ.P. 1 (Federal Rules of Civil Procedure "should be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding").

3. The Final Pretrial Order

A final pretrial order supersedes all prior pleadings and controls the subsequent course and scope of the action. E.g., Rockwell Int'l Corp. v. United States, 549 U.S. 457, 475, 127 S.Ct. 1397, 167 L.Ed.2d 190 (2007) (quoting Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 16(e)). Claims, issues, defenses, or theories of damages not included in the pretrial order are waived even if they appeared in the complaint, and conversely, the inclusion of a claim in the pretrial order is deemed to amend any previous pleadings which did not include that claim. Id. (citation omitted). Because the pretrial order has the power to supercede pleadings with respect to the substantive claims advanced by the parties, id., it follows that the pretrial order also has the power to supercede the portions of the parties' pleadings setting forth jury demands, see, e.g., Pals, 220 F.3d at 501 (noting that if the court orders a trail to a jury and the parties do not object, both sides are deemed to consent to have the case decided by the jury and "the pleadings are deemed amended to give permission"); Bereda, 865 F.2d at 52 (noting that where court ordered trial to jury and neither party objected, jury's verdict was binding); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(b) (permitting amendment of pleadings after trial to conform pleadings based on issued tried by implied consent). Parties are entitled to rely on the scope of the jury trial described in the pretrial order. Pradier, 641 F.2d at 811; see also Thompson, 963 F.2d at 886, 888.

Here, after the court discussed with the parties that the jury would decide all issues triable as of right to a jury, the FPO was drawn to so provide. The FPO contains an express provision that instructed any party that believed amendment to the FPO was necessary to make the appropriate motion. No party sought to amend the FPO. Although the FPO is not a model of clarity, the plain language and the parties' course of conduct establish its meaning beyond the shadow of a doubt.

In order to interpret the meaning of an ambiguous provision of a pretrial order, the court must first consider the plain language of the order. See, e.g., DP Aviation v. Smiths Indus. Aero. & Def. Sys., 268 F.3d 829, 842 (9th Cir.2001) (undertaking analysis of competing interpretations by first examining the language of the pretrial order and ultimately adopting most reasonable interpretation). Although the court's interpretation of the language employed in its own order is most authoritative, Lampkin v. Int'l Union, United Auto., Aero. & Agric. Implement Workers of America, 154 F.3d 1136, 1147 (10th Cir.1998), the parties' course of conduct is also relevant to ascertaining the meaning of ambiguous portions of a pretrial order, see DP Aviation, 268 F.3d at 842 (evaluating parties' conduct at trial in construing the meaning of ambiguous language in pretrial order); accord Johnson v. Geffen, 294 F.2d 197, 199-200 (D.C.Cir.1960) (same).

The plain meaning of the specific language employed in the FPO explicitly provides that this case was tried to a jury on all issues to which the Seventh Amendment jury trial right attaches, as the court intended and to which the parties assented. The FPO provides, in pertinent part:

(Doc. 468 at 1-2) (emphasis added). After noting Defendant's contention that Plaintiff only demanded a jury trial on the issue of willful infringement and Plaintiff's assertion of a general jury demand, the FPO ordered a jury trial on willful infringement "and other issues to which the entitlement exists as a legal right." (Id.) (emphasis added). By ordering a jury trial on issues other than willful infringement, the FPO rejected Defendant's assertion that the jury trial should be limited solely to the issue of willful infringement and accepted Plaintiff's assertion of a general jury demand on all legal issues so triable.

Plaintiff now opportunistically reverses course and contends that, because the parties had already waived their jury trial rights on all other claims, the only issue "to which entitlement exist[ed] as a legal right" at the time the FPO was entered was willful infringement. Plaintiff argues that in light of the parties' respective waivers under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the FPO should be construed as setting a jury trial only on the issue of willful infringement. Plaintiff's construction of the FPO is unreasonable and contrary to law, as it reads out the critical FPO phrase "and other issues to which the entitlement exists as a legal right," which is rendered completely superfluous. Plaintiff's post hoc construction of the FPO also negates the language in the FPO setting forth Plaintiff's implicit contention that it had made a general jury demand. The plain meaning of the language employed by the FPO cannot be reconciled with Plaintiff's revisionist construction.

Plaintiff argues that the parties' course of conduct, the form of the jury instructions, and certain statements by the court support its construction of the FPO. With respect to the parties conduct, Plaintiff notes that during a pretrial conference on September 13, 2010, Defendant "fought to limit Duhn's jury demand to the singular issue of willfulness." (Doc. 681 at 7). The FPO issued on September 29, 2010, however. The fact that Defendant correctly noted the limited scope of the jury demand asserted in Plaintiff's TAC prior to issuance of the FPO is of no moment, as the FPO superceded the pleadings and all prior motions.

Contrary to Plaintiff's contentions, the conduct of the parties at trial was consistent with the plain meaning of the FPO, which set for jury trial "willful infringement issues and other issues to which the entitlement exists as a legal right." Critically, at the close of evidence, both parties moved for judgment as a matter of law pursuant to Rule 50 on issues that did not pertain to willful infringement, such as patent validity. As the Federal Circuit has noted, accepting the argument that a jury's verdict on validity issues is merely advisory after the parties have argued Rule 50 motions "would make charades of [such] motions ... in patent cases," as Rule 50 motions apply only to binding jury verdicts. Perkin-Elmer Corp. v. Computervision Corp., 732 F.2d 888, 895 n. 5 (Fed.Cir.1984); Fed.R.Civ.P. 50.

Plaintiff next contends that the jury verdict form suggests an advisory jury on validity issues because

The jury verdict form had two questions on invalidity:

(Doc. 681 at 9). Plaintiff's argument is not persuasive in light of the totality of the record, as the parties contemplated having the jury answer the damages inquiries upon a finding of infringement, notwithstanding the verdict form's inclusion of validity and equitable conduct issues. During a hearing on January 28, 2011, the following exchange took place:

(Doc. 697 at 13-14).

Plaintiff also notes that during an in-chambers jury instruction conference on the eve of deliberations, Plaintiff objected to the inclusion of an obvious instruction and to Question 6 of the verdict form, pertaining to obviousness. Plaintiff argued:

(Doc. 681 at 10). Plaintiff's arguments during the in-chambers conference do not suggest that it viewed the jury's findings on validity questions as advisory; to the contrary, Plaintiff's arguments are comparable to the same arguments advanced in connection with its Rule 50 motion on the obviousness issue. Citing the declaration of James Whitelaw, Plaintiff also avers:

(Id.). This extra-record statement was purportedly made after Defendant had already presented its case at trial based on the understanding that validity issues would be decided by the jury.6

Plaintiff also contends that "at a hearing during trial on inventor-misjoinder, the Court confirmed the jury's advisory nature." (Doc. 681 at 2, 12). In overruling Plaintiff's objection to Defendant's motion to conform the pleadings to proof under Rule 15 regarding the issue of Rex Duhn's inventorship, the court stated:

(Doc. 697 at 7).7 The court's comment regarding any advisory nature of the jury's inventorship finding is consistent with the plain language of the FPO that the jury would be advisory on equitable issues to which the jury trial right does not attach.8

Finally, Plaintiff points to the following statement by the court during the February 2, 2011 motion for judgment hearing:

(Doc. 679 at 23). As the court noted, interpretation of inconsistency contained in the FPO is a matter for the court to resolve in light of the plain language of the FPO and the conduct of the parties.

Notwithstanding the parties' initial positions on the scope of the jury trial, Plaintiff made the deliberate strategic choice to submit language in the joint pretrial statement suggesting that Plaintiff had made a general jury demand, and that the jury trial would not be limited to willful infringement. Plaintiff submitted this language over Defendant's repeated attempts to provide an accurate statement regarding Plaintiff's jury demand. Plaintiff cannot complain that the court accepted its invitation to submit issues other than willful infringement to the jury.

In light of the plain language of the FPO, the parties' assent to the FPO and their conduct at trial, and the representation of a general jury demand Plaintiff advanced in the joint pretrial statement, the FPO must be interpreted to order a jury trial on all issues to which the Seventh Amendment jury trial right attaches. This result is buttressed by the principal that, to prevent prejudice, parties are typically bound by the statements they advance in connection with formulation of the pretrial order. See Dream Games of Ariz., Inc. v. PC Onsite, 561 F.3d 983, 996 (9th Cir.2009).

The jury returned findings on the following issues: (1) direct infringement; (2) contributory infringement; (3) inducing infringement; (4) willful infringement; (5) anticipation; (6) obviousness; (7) inventorship; (8) inequitable conduct; (9) patent damages-lost profit; and (10) patent damages-reasonable royalty. The Seventh Amendment right to jury trial does not attach to Defendant's equitable claim of inequitable conduct. E.g., Gardco, 820 F.2d at 1213 ("the defense of inequitable conduct is `equitable in nature and thus does not give rise to the right of trial by jury'"). Pursuant to the FPO, the jury's verdict regarding inequitable conduct is advisory.

Infringement, validity, and damages are issues to which entitlement to a jury trial exists as a legal right; pursuant to the FPO these issues were properly submitted to the jury. See, e.g., id. at 1212 (confirming that infringement and validity are issues to which the jury trial right attaches); Minks v. Polaris Indus., 546 F.3d 1364, 1370-71 (Fed.Cir.2008) (noting violation of Seventh Amendment where court reduced jury's damages finding in patent infringement case). Although Defendant's inventorship claim was raised in the context of an inequitable conduct defense, under the circumstances of this case, had Defendant successfully proved its contentions that Rex Duhn was deceptively named as an inventor and that John Rogers was omitted as an inventor in bad faith, it appears that the '925 patent would have been rendered invalid as a matter of law under section 35 U.S.C. § 102(f). See Pannu v. Iolab, Corp., 155 F.3d 1344, 1349 (Fed.Cir.1998) ("section 102(f) [] makes the naming of the correct inventor or inventors a condition of patentability; failure to name them renders a patent invalid"); Boston Sci. Corp. v. Johnson & Johnson, 550 F.Supp.2d 1102, 1114 (N.D.Cal.2008) (citing Pannu for the proposition that where the patentee does not claim relief under 35 U.S.C. § 256 and incorrect inventorship is proven, the court should hold the patent invalid as a matter of law for failure to comply with section 102(f));9 see also Memry Corp. v. Ky. Oil Tech., N.V., 2007 WL 39373, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73315 (N.D.Cal.2007) ("If nonjoinder of an actual inventor is proved by clear and convincing evidence, a patent is rendered invalid"); but see St. Jude Med., Inc. v. Access Closure, Inc., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124810 *9-10 (D.Ark.2010) (distinguishing inventorship claims asserted as invalidity defenses from inventorship claims under section 256 for purposes of ascertaining right to jury trial on the issue); Shum, 499 F.3d 1272, 1278-79 (Fed.Cir.2007) (noting that alleged co-inventor would not be entitled to jury trial on stand-alone claim under section 256). Further, the jury instructions provided on anticipation expressly required the jury to consider whether Defendant had proven that "Rex Duhn did not himself invent the invention." (Doc. 660 at 30). Accordingly, inventorship is most properly treated as a validity issue in this case and was subject to a binding jury determination under the FPO; this result is consistent with Defendant's request to treat inventorship as a validity issue in its Rule 15(b) motion at the close of evidence, the jury instructions taken as a whole, the parties' mutual conduct in filing Rule 50 motions on the issue, and Defendant's concession that the jury's findings on inventorship are binding. (Doc. 685 at 27).

B. The Jury's Verdict

The jury found that Defendant proved by clear and convincing evidence that claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 19, and 29 are invalid for obviousness, and that claims 2, 3, 4, 5, and 29 are invalid for anticipation. However, the jury found that claim 1 was not proven to be anticipated or obvious.10 The jury's findings are legally and irreconcilably inconsistent. The jury received the following instruction on anticipation:

(Doc. 660 at 30). The jury received the following instruction on obviousness:

(Doc. 660 at 30-32).

The Jury received the following instruction on independent and dependent claims:

(Doc. 660 at 17).

Claim 1 is the independent claim from which claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 19, and 29 depend. "A broader independent claim cannot be nonobvious where a dependent claim stemming from that independent claim is invalid for obviousness." E.g., Comaper Corp. v. Antec, Inc., 596 F.3d 1343, 1350 (Fed.Cir.2010) (citing Callaway Golf Co. v. Acushnet Co., 576 F.3d 1331, 1344 (Fed.Cir.2009) and Ormco Corp. v. Align Tech., Inc., 498 F.3d 1307, 1319 (Fed.Cir.2007)). Similarly, if an independent claim is not found invalid for anticipation, claims that depend from the independent claim cannot be either. E.g., RCA Corp. v. Applied Digital Data Sys., Inc., 730 F.2d 1440, 1446 (Fed.Cir.1984) (if prior art did not anticipate independent claim, it could not anticipate dependent claim); CNET Networks, Inc. v. Etilize, Inc., 584 F.Supp.2d 1260, 1264 (N.D.Cal.2008) (same). The jury's verdicts are irreconcilable as a matter of law.

The court called the parties to a side bar and raised the issue of the jury's inconsistent findings as the jury was returning its verdicts. Despite being given the opportunity to address the jury's inconsistent findings, both parties requested that the remainder of the jury's verdicts be taken and entered and agreed to permit the jury to be discharged.

1. Nature of the Verdicts

The parties dispute the nature of the jury's verdicts on obviousness and anticipation. Plaintiff contends that the jury rendered special verdicts pursuant to Rule 49(a). Defendant argues that the jury's verdicts are general verdicts under Rule 49(b). Neither position is entirely correct.

The Ninth Circuit's decision in Zhang v. Am. Gem Seafoods, Inc., provides the framework for determining whether a verdict is special or general:

339 F.3d 1020, 1031 (9th Cir.2003) (emphasis added).

a. Obviousness

Obviousness under 35 U.S.C. § 103 is a mixed question of law and fact. E.g., Wyers v. Master Lock Co., 616 F.3d 1231, 1247 (Fed.Cir.2010) (Linn, J., concurring)11 (citing Takeda Chem. Indus., Ltd. v. Alphapharm Pty., Ltd., 492 F.3d 1350, 1355 (Fed.Cir.2007)); Connell v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 722 F.2d 1542, 1547 (Fed. Cir.1983). In the ordinary patent case in which obviousness is asserted, the trier of fact must answer the factual inquiries outlined in Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966) relating to: (1) the scope and content of the prior art, (2) differences between the prior art and the claims at issue; (3) the level of ordinary skill in the art; and (4) whatever objective evidence may be present as indicia of nonobviousness. Connell, 722 F.2d at 1547.

Under the well-settled law of the Federal Circuit, the legal issue of obviousness may be determined by a jury. E.g., id.

Connell, 722 F.2d at 1547. While, "the judge must remain the ultimate arbiter on the question of obviousness," this role is properly exercised on "giving proper instructions on the law to the jury before it considers its verdict" and again "when presented with a motion for JNOV or new trial." Wyers, 616 F.3d at 1248 (Linn, J., concurring) (citing R.R. Dynamics, Inc. v. A. Stucki Co., 727 F.2d 1506, 1515 (Fed. Cir.1984)).

"Submission of the obviousness question to the jury should be accompanied by detailed special interrogatories designed to elicit responses to at least all the factual inquiries enumerated in Graham, and based on the presentations made in the particular trial." Connell, 722 F.2d at 1547. Although "Black box" general verdicts on obviousness are disfavored, they are permissible. McGinley v. Franklin Sports, Inc., 262 F.3d 1339, 1356 (Fed.Cir. 2001).

Here, the verdict form for the issue of obviousness did not require the jury to make specific factual findings on the Graham inquiries, rather, it asked only for the jury's ultimate legal conclusion on the obviousness of each claim. The verdict form provides:

(Doc. 668).

Under Zhang, the jury's obviousness findings resemble general verdicts. 339 F.3d at 1031 ("If the jury announces only its ultimate legal conclusions, it returns an ordinary general verdict"); accord Sjolund v. Musland, 847 F.2d 1573, 1575 (Fed.Cir. 1988) ("when the legal question of obviousness is submitted to the jury, it is technically improper to characterize that question as a special verdict under Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(a), because Rule 49(a) only provides for the submission of fact questions to the jury"). However, the jury's obviousness verdicts do not fit neatly into the general verdict classification, as the verdict form did not permit the jury to "find for either for the plaintiff or for the defendant in general terms" on Defendant's affirmative defense of invalidity. Zhang, 339 F.3d at 1031 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1560 (6th ed. 1990)). Instead, the jury's verdicts on obviousness fall within the interstice between ultimate legal conclusions and legal conclusions on subsidiary issues entailed in an affirmative defense, "which are neither findings of fact nor quite `verdicts.'" Id. "Such answers are similar in kind to general verdicts, because they require application of the law to the facts," but there is no precise label for them. Id.

b. Anticipation

Anticipation is a factual issue for the jury to decide based on resolution of subsidiary questions of fact such as whether knowledge of an invention was publicly accessible, whether use of the invention was publicly accessible, or whether the invention was subject to a commercial offer for sale in the United States more than one year prior to the application date of the patent. See, e.g., 3M v. Chemque, Inc., 303 F.3d 1294, 1306-07 (Fed.Cir.2002) (discussing anticipation generally in the context of review of denial of judgment as a matter of law). The verdict form on the issue of anticipation provides:

Anticipation

(Doc. 668).

The jury's verdict on the issue of anticipation is comprised of ultimate factual findings on whether each contested claim was anticipated, although the jury did not return specific findings on any subsidiary questions of fact. Compare Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 593 F.3d 1325, 1330, 1336 (Fed.Cir.2010) (treating answer to jury question: "Have defendants proven by clear and convincing evidence that Claims 11 and 12 ... are invalid by reason of anticipation or obviousness?" as general verdict) and Roberts v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 723 F.2d 1324, 1340 (7th Cir.1983) (finding that verdict form which broke validity issues down into the components of obviousness and anticipation was not truly a "special verdict" under Rule 49(a), as special verdicts resolve subsidiary questions of fact pertaining to specific, contested issues)12 with E.V. Prentice Co. v. Associated Plywood Mills, Inc., 113 F.Supp. 182, 187 (D.Oregon 1953) (illustrating clear example of special verdict on anticipation issue where jury answered specific subsidiary questions).13 Although the jury's verdict does not provide answers to "subsidiary fact questions [] of the who-did-what-to-whom variety" that are the hallmark of proper special verdicts, see Roberts, 723 F.2d at 1347 (Posner, J., dissenting), the jury's anticipation verdicts are not in true general form either, see Zhang, 339 F.3d at 1031 (noting that Rule 49(b) implies that general verdicts do not involve factual findings but rather ultimate legal conclusions). Nor can it be said that the jury's findings on anticipation are in the form of interrogatories accompanying a general verdict, as the verdict form does not contain a query on the general issue of invalidity. See id.

As Zhang acknowledges, the terms "general verdicts" and "special verdicts" do not capture every answer that a jury may give. 339 F.3d at 1031. The jury's anticipation verdicts resemble special verdicts (albeit very general special verdicts) under Rule 49(a), as they embody only factual findings, technically leaving the court to determine the ultimate legal result of invalidity. Id. However, it would be anomalous to characterize the jury's verdicts on anticipation as special verdicts under Rule 49(a) while treating the jury's obviousness verdicts as general verdicts under Rule 49(b), as both anticipation and obviousness were presented to the jury as subsidiary issues underlying Defendant's affirmative defense of invalidity. Had the parties included a general verdict query on the overarching issue of invalidity, the jury's findings on anticipation would be easily characterized as answers to factual interrogatories accompanying a general verdict under Rule 49(b).

2. Import of the Jury's Inconsistent Verdicts

Ordinarily, ascertaining whether a jury's verdict on an issue is general or special is a prerequisite analytical step in determining how to treat inconsistent jury findings. Zhang, 339 F.3d at 1031. From a procedural perspective, whether an inconsistent verdict is general or special is often important because the waiver rule applicable to general verdicts under Rule 49(b) does not apply to special verdicts under Rule 49(a). Compare Pierce v. Southern Pacific Trans. Co., 823 F.2d 1366, 1370 (9th Cir. 1987) (a party may object to inconsistent special verdicts under Rule 49(a) even where no objection is raised prior to discharging the jury) with Home Indem. Co. v. Lane Powell Moss & Miller, 43 F.3d 1322, 1331 (9th Cir.1995) (citing Los Angeles Nut House v. Holiday Hardware Corp., 825 F.2d 1351, 1354-55 (9th Cir.1987)) for proposition that counsel risks waiver of objections to any inconsistencies in the jury's general verdicts if counsel does not raise the issue before the jury is excused)). From a substantive perspective, whether a verdict is general or special is of critical importance because inconsistent general verdicts on separate claims are typically permitted to stand, Zhang, 339 F.3d at 1036-38 (collecting cases), whereas irreconcilably inconsistent special verdicts require a new trial, e.g., Floyd v. Laws, 929 F.2d 1390, 1396 (9th Cir.1991) (courts have a duty under the Seventh Amendment to harmonize a jury's seemingly inconsistent answers if a fair reading allows for it and must order retrial in cases of irreconcilable inconsistency) (citing Gallick v. Baltimore & O.R.R. Co., 372 U.S. 108, 110, 83 S.Ct. 659, 9 L.Ed.2d 618 (1963)). Here, however, it is unnecessary to force round pegs into square holes in order to determine proper treatment of the jury's irreconcilably inconsistent verdicts on obviousness and anticipation.

Anticipation and obviousness are subsidiary issues raised by Defendant's affirmative defense of invalidity. A true general verdict (in the traditional sense of the term) on Defendant's affirmative defense of invalidity would have been in a form of a singular finding expressing whether the patent is invalid or valid. On the opposite end of the spectrum, a true special verdict would have been in the form of special written findings on specific issues of fact unique to the parties contentions regarding obviousness and anticipation of the '925 Patent. The verdict form submitted by the parties in this case is located in the twilight zone of this spectrum. The form of verdict on Defendant's invalidity defense is comprised of (1) a series of quasi-general verdicts expressing conclusions on the subsidiary legal issue of obviousness; and (2) a series of generalized special verdicts expressing conclusions on the subsidiary factual issue of anticipation. There are "no precise label[s]" for these verdicts. See Zhang, 339 F.3d at 1031.

The Ninth Circuit has not directly addressed how inconsistent verdicts that are neither general nor special, and for which there are no "precise labels," should be treated, but Zhang is instructive. In Zhang, the Ninth Circuit contemplated three ways in which legal conclusions such as general verdicts might be alleged to be inconsistent: the jury might disregard instructions requiring two general verdicts to be harmonious; the jury might return a general verdict that, under the facts of the case, implies a lack of evidence underlying another general verdict; or the jury might return two general verdicts that, under any facts, seem to be legally irreconcilable.

339 F.3d at 1031. After noting that the circumstances at issue in Zhang presented the latter two situations, the Ninth Circuit concluded that it lacked authority to grant a new trial on the basis of legally irreconcilable general verdicts:

Id. at 1035. Critically, however, the Ninth Circuit also stated: "unless one legal conclusion is the prerequisite for another, inconsistencies between them must stand." Id. at 1034.

In this case, the legal conclusion that independent claim 1 is obvious is an absolute prerequisite to the legal conclusion that dependent claims 2, 3, 4, 5, 19, and 29, each of which incorporates all the elements of claim 1, are obvious. E.g., Comaper Corp., 596 F.3d at 1350. (broader independent claim cannot be nonobvious where a dependent claim stemming from that independent claim is invalid for obviousness). The jury's inconsistent findings on obviousness present precisely the type of situation contemplated in Zhang in which one legal conclusion is the prerequisite for another. Analogously, a finding that dependent claims 2, 3, 4, 5, and 29 are anticipated requires, as a matter of law, a prerequisite finding that independent claim 1 is anticipated. See, e.g., RCA Corp., 730 F.2d at 1446 (if prior art did not anticipate independent claim, it could not anticipate dependent claim). Zhang establishes that verdicts cannot stand in the face of such inconsistency, even assuming arguendo that the issue is subject to waiver. See Id. at 1034. However, Zhang does not conclusively establish that a new trial on the issue may be ordered. See id. at 1035 ("We have found no Supreme Court or Ninth Circuit cases in which an appellate court has directed the trial court to grant a new trial due to inconsistencies between general verdicts, and Ninth Circuit precedent dictates that we cannot do so").14

Rule 49(b) does not directly address the unique situation presented in this case, but the types of scenarios contemplated in Rule 49(b)(4) are similar:

Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(b)(4) (emphasis added). Pursuant to Rule 49(b)(4), when there are fatal inconsistencies among one or more factual findings and one or more of the factual findings is also inconsistent with the general verdict, the court must either direct the jury to further consider its answers or order a new trial.

When a jury returns a general verdict on obviousness, the verdict entails implied resolution of factual disputes underlying the legal question of obviousness. See, e.g., McGinley, 262 F.3d at 1356. By finding that certain dependent claims were proven obvious, while simultaneously finding that independent claim 1 was not proven obvious, the jury returned implied findings on the subsidiary factual issues attendant to analysis of claim 1 that are inconsistent with the implied findings regarding the claims the jury found to be obvious. The jury's implied factual findings regarding the obviousness of certain dependent claims are also irreconcilably inconsistent with the quasi-general verdict finding that independent claim 1 was not proven to be obvious. The same type of inherent conflict plagues the jury's findings on anticipation.

Under circumstances analogous to those presented here, Rule 49(b)(4) requires courts to either direct the jury to further consider its answers and verdict, or to order a new trial. The court raised the inconsistency in the verdicts with the parties to given them an opportunity to address the inconsistency by further deliberations before the jury was discharged. Only the latter option is available now, as the parties chose to accept the jury's findings and requested inconsistent verdicts be entered. Pursuant to the guidance provided by Zhang and Rule 49(b)(4), a new trial on the issue of obviousness is warranted to the extent the Plaintiff is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the issue. For the same reasons, a new trial on the issue of anticipation is warranted.15

C. Plaintiff's Rule 50 Motion on Obviousness

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50 governs motions for judgment as a matter of law in jury trials, and "allows the trial court to remove cases or issues from the jury's consideration `when the facts are sufficiently clear that the law requires a particular result.'" Weisgram v. Marley Co., 528 U.S. 440, 447-48, 120 S.Ct. 1011, 145 L.Ed.2d 958 (2000).16 Rule 50(a) provides in pertinent part:

Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(a)(1). A Rule 50(b) motion for judgment as a matter of law is a renewed Rule 50(a) motion. E.E.O.C. v. Go Daddy Software, Inc., 581 F.3d 951, 961 (9th Cir.2009). The Ninth Circuit states the standard for judgment as a matter of:

Gibson v. City of Cranston, 37 F.3d 731, 735 (9th Cir.1994) (citations omitted).

Plaintiff's motion for judgment reasserts that Plaintiff is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the issue of obvious. (Doc. 676 at 10-16).17 A patent is invalid for obviousness if "differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains." 35 U.S.C. § 103(a). "Throughout the obviousness determination, a patent retains its statutory presumption of validity, see 35 U.S.C. § 282, and the movant retains the burden to show the invalidity of the claims by clear and convincing evidence as to underlying facts." McGinley, 262 F.3d at 1349 (citation omitted). In the ordinary patent case in which obviousness is asserted, the trier of fact must answer the factual inquiries outlined in Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966) relating to: (1) the scope and content of the prior art, (2) differences between the prior art and the claims at issue; (3) the level of ordinary skill in the art; and (4) whatever objective evidence may be present as indicia of nonobviousness. Connell, 722 F.2d at 1547.

Defendant contends that Plaintiff is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the issue of obviousness because "it would have been obvious at the time of invention for one of ordinary skill in the art to have run in the lock screws shown in Figure 3 in the Dallas '993 Patent." (Doc. 696 at 18).18 Defendant cites the testimony of Cameron expert witness Gary Delvin ("Delvin") and Plaintiff's expert, Ivan Boyadjieff ("Boyadjieff"), in support of its contention. (Id.); (Doc. 685 at 17) (citing Doc. 692 at 74, 76; Doc. 693 at 24). Defendant also contends that it would have been obvious to a skilled artisan to modify the device depicted in the '94 Catalogue to create a dual load path to lessen the retained load on the lock screws employed by the device, but Defendant cites no evidence in support of this proposition. (Doc. 685 at 20).

1. Evidence Regarding the Scope and Content of Prior Art

A prerequisite to making a finding on the scope and content of the prior art is to determine what prior art references are pertinent. State Contr. & Eng'g Corp. v. Condotte Am., Inc., 346 F.3d 1057, 1069 (Fed.Cir.2003) (citing In re Clay, 966 F.2d 656, 658 (Fed.Cir.1992)). As the Federal Circuit has explained:

Id.

At trial, Delvin testified that he believed that the '993 Patent demonstrated most of the features disclosed in the '925 Patent. (Doc. 692 at 67-68). Delvin opined that the '993 Patent teaches and invention:

(Id. at 69). Delvin also testified concerning the pertinence of the '94 Catalogue as prior art. Delvin testified that the '94 Catalogue discloses a secondary flange mounted on top of a tubing spool, inside of which is a tubing hanger secured by lock screws. (Id. at 90). Delvin described the function of the tubing spool, flange, tubing hanger, and lock screws as follows:

(Id. at 96-97).

Boyadjieff provided further testimony relevant to whether the '993 Patent and '94 Catalogue constitute analogous prior art. During voir dire, the following exchange took place:

(Doc. 693 at 59).

In light of the testimony offered by Delvin and Boyadjieff, the record is sufficient to support a rational finding that both the '993 Patent and '94 Catalogue are analogous references for purposes of the obviousness inquiry. Both references disclose structures reasonably pertinent to the general problem the '925 Patent is designed to address: reaction of axial loads in wellhead equipment. Clay, 966 F.2d at 659.

2. Differences between the '925 Patent and Prior Art

Obviousness requires evaluation of the "differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art" with an eye on "the subject matter as a whole ... at the time the invention was made" from the perspective of "a person having ordinary skill in the art." KSR Int'l Co., 550 U.S. at 406, 127 S.Ct. 1727 (quoting 35 U.S.C § 103(a)). Substantial evidence was presented at trial regarding differences between the references advanced by Defendant and the '925 Patent.

a. The '993 Patent

The '993 Patent teaches a mandrel device designed to protect a tool referred to as a Blow Out Preventer used in fracing operations. (Doc. 692 at 69; Doc. 693 at 106). The '993 Patent discloses a structure including a first flange and a secondary flange that each react axial force through a single load path. (Doc. 691 at 44-45, RT. at 811-811).

Several witnesses testified about differences between the '925 Patent and the '993 Patent. Both Delvin and Meek testified that, unlike the '925 Patent, the '993 Patent does not disclose a direct connection between the secondary flange and the tubing head flange. (Doc. 692 at 111-112) (Delvin) (Doc. 691 at 93-95) (Meek). Meek testified that the lack of a direct connection between the secondary flange and tubing head flange in the '933 Patent is a material difference with respect to the potential functions of lock screws in the device. (Doc. 691 at 94-95). According to Meek, lack of a direct connection between the secondary flange and tubing head flange makes use of lock screws to secure the mandrel impractical in the '993 device due to manufacturing tolerances. (Doc. 691 at 94-95). Meek opined that manufacturing tolerances permitting slight deviations in the length of components located between the secondary flange and tubing head flange in the '993 Patent would make it difficult to precisely locate lock screw groves in the mandrel body, making it difficult to confidently seal the device. (Id.). Defendant presented no evidence to controvert Meek's testimony.

Both Delvin and Meek testified that running in the lock screws depicted in the '993 Patent to contact the mandrel body would cause damage to the mandrel. Meek and Delvin also both testified that if the lock screws on the '993 device are not run in, there is no dual load path. Meek testified:

(Doc. 695 at 95).

Boyadjieff also testified concerning general differences between the '993 Patent and the '925 Patent:

(Doc. 693 at 106).

b. The '94 Catalogue

The '94 Catalogue discloses a device described as an "MTBS Tubing Hanger" used for hanging tubing in a well whereby a set of lock screws are run in to the tubing body in order to react axial loads. (Doc. 695 at 90). Rex Duhn provided testimony relevant to the general structure and function of the MTBS Tubing Hanger:

(Doc. 690 at 23).

Meek testified that the MTBS Tubing Spool is designed in a manner that prohibits the mandrel from moving upwards towards the upper flange of the spool because movement of the mandrel would damage the metal seal at the top end of the tubing hanger and cause the seal at the bottom of the tubing hanger to become unseated. (Doc. 695 at 90-91). Meek further testified that the lock screws on the MTBS Tubing Spool are required to react the entire axial force acting on the mandrel, and thus that no dual load path is present in the device. (Id.). Devlin also testified that the '94 Catalogue does not depict a dual load path. (Doc. 692 at 119-120).

3. Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art

Obviousness requires a showing that a person of ordinary skill at the time of the invention would have selected and combined those prior art elements in the normal course of research and development to yield the claimed invention. Unigene Labs., Inc. v. Apotex, Inc., 655 F.3d 1352, 1360 (Fed.Cir.2011) (citing KSR Int'l Co., 550 U.S. at 421, 127 S.Ct. 1727). "Teachings from prior art, suggestions beyond the literal teachings of those art references, or even motivations from the store of common knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art field [] ... provide the sources of evidence that an ordinary skilled artisan might have found and combined at the time of the invention." Id. (citing Ortho-McNeil Pharm., Inc. v. Mylan Labs., Inc., 520 F.3d 1358, 1364-65 (Fed.Cir.2008)).

Little evidence was presented at trial concerning the level of ordinary skill in the art, but the record does contain testimony relevant to the inquiry. Boyadjieff testified about the general qualifications of a professional engineer:

(Doc. 693 at 42).

Boyadjieff also testified about the general approach to designing equipment suitable for fracing operations. Boyadjieff stated that, in order to design mandrels for use in wellhead equipment, it is necessary to know the configuration of the wellheads typically used. (Doc. 693 at 56). Boyadjieff further testified about engineering practices attendant to designing frac mandrels:

(Doc. 693 at 71).

4. Objective Evidence of Nonobviousness

Objective evidence of nonobviousness may include, inter alia, commercial success and long-felt but unsolved needs. E.g., WMS Gaming Inc. v. International Game Tech., 184 F.3d 1339, 1359 (Fed.Cir.1999). Evidence adduced at trail established that the technology disclosed in the '925 Patent brought Duhn Oil commercial success. Rex Duhn testified that, as a result of the '925 Patent technology, Duhn Oil was able to expand its business and acquire several new customers. (Doc. 689 at 55, 66 RT at 468, 479). Evidence adduced at trial also established that the '925 Patent solved long-standing problems attendant to larger systems available at the time that were unwieldy, costly, and less safe. (Doc. 689 at 72-74, RT at 485-87).19

5. Failure to Establish Prima Facie Case of Obviousness

To establish a prima facie case of obviousness, evidence must show "some objective teaching in the prior art or that knowledge generally available to one of ordinary skill in the art would lead that individual to combine the relevant teachings of the references." Tec Air, Inc. v. Denso Mfg. Mich., Inc., 192 F.3d 1353, 1359 (Fed.Cir.1999) (citation omitted). There is no suggestion to combine, however, if a reference teaches away from its combination with another source. Id. If when combined, the references "would produce a seemingly inoperative device," then they teach away from their combination. Id. Specific findings establishing why it would have been "apparent" to combine elements of prior art are required to declare an invention obvious. Ruiz v. A.B. Chance Co., 234 F.3d 654, 665 (Fed.Cir.2000).

The only two references asserted by Defendant are the '94 Catalogue and the '993 Patent. There is a failure of proof by Defendant on the issue of whether a skilled artisan would have been motivated to combine the elements of the '94 Catalogue and the '993 Patent to produce the dual load path disclosed in claim 1 of the '925 Patent. No witness testified on this subject.

Defendant argues that the '993 Patent discloses a set of lock screws that, if run in, could create a secondary pathway for transmitting an axial force from the mandrel. (Doc. 692 at 47). However, the evidence established that running the lock screws in on the '993 device would damage the mandrel, potentially to the point of rendering it inoperable. (Doc. 691 at 121-122; Doc. 692 at 114). Nothing presented at trial is sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the '993 Patent would have suggested use of a dual load path to a skilled artisan at the time the '925 Patent issued, especially in light of the fact that the '993 Patent was considered by the Examiner. See, e.g., Power-Oasis, Inc. v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 522 F.3d 1299, 1304 (Fed.Cir.2008) (noting added burden of deference regarding evidence considered by the Patent Office).

Defendant contends that the '94 Catalogue renders the '925 Patent obvious because it employs a first flange, secondary flange, and set lock screws to react axial loads. However, like the '933 Patent, the '94 Catalogue does not suggest use of a dual load path. Although Delvin initially speculated that the MTBS Tubing Hanger could suggest a dual load path whereby force is reacted by the lock screws and secondarily in a flange located above the lock screws, on cross-examination, Devlin conceded that a skilled artisan would have designed the MTBS device so that the lock screws retained the total axial load, preventing any axial force from traveling past the lock screws. (Doc. 692 at 119-120). The evidence presented by both parties supports only one result: the lock screws employed in the '94 Catalogue are designed to retain the total axial load. (Id. at 91, RT at 1898).

Pursuant to the jury instructions, the only two references the jury was permitted to consider in adjudicating obviousness were the '94 Catalogue and the '993 Patent. Defendant presented no testimony sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the '94 Catalogue or the '993 Patent, either independently or in combination, would have suggested implementation of the type of dual load path structure disclosed in the '925 Patent to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the '925 Patent's issuance. Nor did Defendant present sufficient evidence to establish that either the '993 Patent or the '94 Catalogue suggests using lock screws rated for 5,000 psi production equipment to secure a frac mandrel. To the contrary, record evidence establishes that, to the skilled artisan evaluating the two references, applying the '94 Catalogue's run-in lock screw feature with the '933 Patent's mandrel design would have appeared likely to produce failure, not success. In other words, combination of the only two references advanced by Defendant teaches away from the '925 Patent's unique structure. See, e.g., Tec Air, 192 F.3d at 1359.

The testimony and patent file establish that conception of the dual load path disclosed in the '925 was prompted by the unique engineering problem posed by a customer's specific request to employ 5,000 psi lock screws for the herculean task of reacting the extreme axial force generated by fracturing operations. Defendant did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that, absent specific motivation to do so, there would be any "motivation to try" using 5,000 psi rated lock screws to retain a frac mandrel. Rather, Defendant's Senior Principal Engineer, Thomas E. Taylor, testified that because of the low psi rating of lock screws used in production wellhead equipment, his engineering team did not even consider using such production lock screws to retain a frac mandrel when they set out to design Defendant's TSW frac mandrel. (Doc. 691 at 199).

Although expert testimony is not always required to establish obviousness, e.g., Perfect Web Techs., Inc. v. InfoUSA, Inc., 587 F.3d 1324, 1329 (Fed.Cir.2009), in light of the record, the nature of the art, and the onerous burden of proof that must be met to establish obviousness, no rational jury could have found claim 1 of the '925 Patent to be obvious based on Defendant's asserted references. All other claims at issue in this action depend from claim 1. Plaintiff's renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law is GRANTED. Alternatively, pursuant to Rule 50(c), Plaintiff's alternative request for a new trial on the issue of obviousness is GRANTED.Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(c).

D. Inequitable Conduct Defenses

Defendant advanced two theories of inequitable conduct at trial: (1) that Plaintiff committed inequitable conduct by failing to disclose John Rogers' contributions to the Patent Office; and (2) that Plaintiff committed inequitable conduct by intentionally withholding the '94 Catalogue from the Patent Office with the intent to deceive. The jury's finding that John Rogers should not have been named as an inventor on the '925 Patent controls adjudication of Defendant's inequitable conduct defense on the basis of inventorship. See, e.g., Cabinet Vision, 129 F.3d at 600 (where "substantial commonality" exists between the factual questions presented by legal and equitable claims, jury findings pertaining to the legal claims constrain the court's determination of equitable claims). The jury returned advisory verdicts finding that neither Rex Duhn, Robert Meek, or Constantine Marantidis (1) withheld material information or submitted materially false information to the Patent Office; or (2) knowingly failed to disclose material information or misleading statements with an intent to deceive the Examiner. The court is free to accept or reject the advisory jury's findings, but is obligated to make its own independent assessment of the issues submitted to the advisory jury. See, e.g., Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a) ("In an action tried on the facts ... with an advisory jury, the court must find the facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately"). After reviewing the record and considering the jury's advisory verdicts, the court issues the following findings of fact and conclusions of law.

Findings of Fact

1. Rex Duhn, Robert Meek, and Constantine Marantidis each had a good faith basis to believe, and actually believed, that there was no basis for naming anyone other than Rex Duhn and Robert Meek as inventors of the '925 Patent.

2. There is no substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would have considered information regarding John Rogers' discussions with Rex Duhn and Robert Meek important in deciding whether to allow the application to issue as a patent.

4. In May 2003, Duhn Oil filed a declaration in connection with its Petition to Make Special indicating that it had conducted complete and thorough search of prior art.

5. Duhn Oil employed a professional search firm to survey prior art relevant to Duhn Oil's patent application. Robert Meek also performed a search for prior art. All items of prior art found by Meek and the professional search firm were disclosed to the Patent Office.

6. Robert Meek had the '94 Catalogue in his possession and chose not to disclose it to the Patent Office.

7. Robert Meek did not submit the '94 Catalogue to the Patent office in connection with prosecution of the '925 Patent because he did not believe it was related to the subject matter of the '925 Patent. Robert Meek had a good faith basis to believe that the '94 Catalogue was not related to the subject matter of the '925 Patent because the '94 Catalogue does not disclose a dual load path and does not teach use of lock screws to secure a frac mandrel. Use of lock screws to secure tubing hangers, as depicted in the '94 Catalogue, is a long-established prior practice in the oil and gas industry and the '94 Catalogue would have been cumulative of other references disclosed in the '925 Patent application.

8. Robert Meek did not intend to deceive the Patent Office in deciding not to submit the '94 Catalogue in connection with prosecution of the '925 Patent.

9. There is no substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would have considered the '94 Catalogue material in deciding whether or not to issue the '925 Patent.

Conclusions of Law

1. Inequitable conduct is an equitable defense to patent infringement that, if proved, bars enforcement of a patent. Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 649 F.3d 1276, 99 U.S.P.Q.2d 1065, 1069 (Fed.Cir.2011) (en banc).

2. To prevail on the defense of inequitable conduct, the accused infringer must prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that the applicant misrepresented or omitted material information with the specific intent to deceive the Patent Office. Id. (citing Star Scientific Inc. v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 537 F.3d 1357, 1365 (Fed.Cir.2008)). Although circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to constitute clear and convincing evidence of inequitable conduct,

Therasense, 649 F.3d 1276, 99 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1073 (citations omitted). A finding that the misrepresentation or omission amounts to gross negligence or negligence under a "should have known" standard does not satisfy this intent requirement. Therasense, 649 F.3d 1276, 99 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1072 (citation omitted).

3. Intent and materiality are separate requirements that must each be satisfied. Id. at 1073. A court must weigh the evidence of intent to deceive independent of its analysis of materiality. Id.

4. Where an inequitable conduct claim is based on failure to disclose a reference, clear and convincing evidence must show that the applicant made a deliberate decision to withhold a known material reference. Id. at 1072.

5. Prior art is material if the Patent Office would not have allowed a claim had it been aware of the undisclosed reference. Id. at 1073. An exception to this standard applies "in cases of affirmative egregious misconduct." Id. This exception to the general rule requiring but-for proof incorporates elements of the early unclean hands cases before the Supreme Court, which dealt with "`deliberately planned and carefully executed scheme[s]' to defraud the PTO and the courts." Id. at 1074.

6. Defendant has not carried the burden of establishing its inequitable conduct claim regarding Robert Meek's decision not to provide the '94 Catalogue to the Patent office because Defendant did not establish by clear and convincing evidence that Robert Meek harbored intent to deceive the Patent Office when he made the decision not to submit the '94 Catalogue. Mr. Meek satisfactorily explained why he did not view the contents of the '94 Catalogue as relevant to the elements of the invention.

7. Defendant has not met its burden of establishing the inequitable conduct claim regarding Robert Meek's decision not to provide the '94 Catalogue because Defendant did not establish by clear and convincing evidence that the '94 Catalogue would have been material prior art to the Examiner. The '94 Catalogue would not have been material because, inter alia, it does not disclose a dual load path and does not teach use of tie down lock screws to secure a frac mandrel.

8. A person is a joint inventor only if she contributes to the conception of the claimed invention. E.g., Eli Lilly & Co. v. Aradigm Corp., 376 F.3d 1352, 1359 (Fed.Cir.2004) (citations omitted). Contributions to realizing an invention may not amount to a contribution to conception if they are too far removed from the real-world realization of an invention. Id. One who simply provides the inventor with well-known principles or explains the state of the art without ever having a firm and definite idea of the claimed combination as a whole does not qualify as a joint inventor. Nartron Corp. v. Schukra U.S.A., Inc., 558 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed.Cir.2009) (citing Ethicon, Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 135 F.3d 1456, 1460 (1998)). Inventorship requires that a person "contribute in some significant manner to the conception or reduction to practice of the invention [and] make a contribution to the claimed invention that is not insignificant in quality, when that contribution is measured against the dimension of the full invention." Id. (citing Pannu, 155 F.3d at 1351).

9. Deliberate concealment of a true inventor's involvement in conceiving and invention constitutes inequitable conduct that renders a patent unenforceable. E.g., Advanced Magnetic Closures, Inc. v. Rome Fastener Corp., 607 F.3d 817, 828 (Fed.Cir.2010).

10. A good faith decision not to name a person as an inventor of a patent does not provide the basis for an inequitable conduct ruling. See PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc. v. Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., 225 F.3d 1315, 1321 (Fed.Cir.2000).

8. Defendant has not carried its burden of proving inequitable conduct regarding the issue of inventorship because Defendant failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that Rex Duhn, Robert Meek, or Constantine Marantidis had a basis to believe, or actually believed, that John Rogers should have been named as an inventor of the '925 Patent. Neither Rex Duhn, Robert Meek, or Constantine Marantidis intended to deceive the Patent Office with respect to the identity of the named inventors included on the '925 Patent. Because the decision not to include John Rogers as an inventor on the '925 Patent was made in good faith, Defendant cannot prevail on its inequitable conduct claim. The court adopts the jury's findings on this issue.

9. Defendant has not carried its burden of proving inequitable conduct regarding the inventorship issue because Defendant has not established by clear and convincing evidence that information regarding John Rogers input would have been material to the Examiner. Despite providing ideas related to the '925 Patent such as, inter alia, use of lock screws, John Rogers is not an inventor of the '925 Patent because John Rogers' preliminary ideas were too far removed from the real-world realization of the invention embodied in the '925 Patent. See Eli Lilly & Co., 376 F.3d at 1359.

E. Judgment under Rule 54(b)

Rule 54(b) provides that final entry of judgment should be made on individual claims in multiple claim suits "upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay." Fed.R.Civ.P.54(b). In determining whether just reason for delay of entry of judgment exists, courts consider such factors as the interrelationship of the claims so as to prevent piecemeal appeals. AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. Dialysist West, Inc., 465 F.3d 946, 954 (9th Cir.2006).

Certification of partial judgment pursuant to Rule 54(b) is not appropriate. A new trial is required on Defendant's affirmative defense of anticipation. Because a judgment of invalidity necessarily moots the issue of infringement, see, e.g., Sandt Tech., Ltd. v. Resco Metal & Plastics Corp., 264 F.3d 1344, 1356 (Fed.Cir.2001), there is just reason for delay of entry of judgment under the circumstances presented, see Fin Control Sys. Pty v. OAM, 265 F.3d 1311, 1321 (Fed.Cir.2001) (noting that adjudication of invalidity counterclaim was a prerequisite to entering final judgement in a patent infringement case).

ORDER

For the reasons stated, IT IS ORDERED:

IT IS SO ORDERED.